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Linux: Rute Users Tutorial and Exposition

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Linux: Rute Users Tutorial and Exposition by Paul Sheer This book covers GNU/LINUX system administration, for popular distributions like RedHat and Debian, as a tutorial for new users and a reference for advanced administrators. It aims to give concise, thorough explanations and practical examples of each aspect of a UNIX system. Anyone who wants a comprehensive text on (what is commercially called) "LINUX"' need look no further--there is little that is not covered here. Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 1.1 What This Book Covers 1.2 Read This Next... 1.3 What Do I Need to Get Started? 1.4 More About This Book 1.5 I Get Frustrated with UNIX Documentation That I Don't Understand 1.6 LPI and RHCE Requirements 1.7 Not RedHat: RedHat-like 1.8 Updates and Errata 2. Computing Sub-basics 2.1 Binary, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal 2.2 Files 2.3 Commands 2.4 Login and Password Change 2.5 Listing Files 2.6 Command-Line Editing Keys 2.7 Console Keys 2.8 Creating Files 2.9 Allowable Characters for File Names 2.10 Directories 3. PC Hardware 3.1 Motherboard 3.2 Master/Slave IDE 3.3 CMOS 3.4 Serial Devices 3.5 Modems 4. Basic Commands 4.1 The ls Command, Hidden Files, Command-Line Options 4.2 Error Messages 4.3 Wildcards, Names, Extensions, and glob Expressions 4.3.1 File naming 4.3.2 Glob expressions 4.4 Usage Summaries and the Copy Command 4.5 Directory Manipulation 4.6 Relative vs. Absolute Pathnames 4.7 System Manual Pages 4.8 System info Pages 4.9 Some Basic Commands 4.10 The mc File Manager 4.11 Multimedia Commands for Fun 4.12 Terminating Commands 4.13 Compressed Files 4.14 Searching for Files 4.15 Searching Within Files 4.16 Copying to MS-DOS and Windows Formatted Floppy Disks 4.17 Archives and Backups 4.18 The PATH Where Commands Are Searched For 4.19 The -- Option 5. Regular Expressions 5.1 Overview 5.2 The fgrep Command 5.3 Regular Expression \{ \} Notation 5.4 + ? \< \> ( ) | Notation 5.5 Regular Expression Subexpressions 6. Editing Text Files 6.1 vi 6.2 Syntax Highlighting 6.3 Editors 6.3.1 Cooledit 6.3.2 vi and vim 6.3.3 Emacs 6.3.4 Other editors 7. Shell Scripting 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Looping: the while and until Statements 7.3 Looping: the for Statement 7.4 breaking Out of Loops and continueing 7.5 Looping Over Glob Expressions 7.6 The case Statement 7.7 Using Functions: the function Keyword 7.8 Properly Processing Command-Line Args: shift 7.9 More on Command-Line Arguments: $@ and $0 7.10 Single Forward Quote Notation 7.11 Double-Quote Notation 7.12 Backward-Quote Substitution 8. Streams and sed -- The Stream Editor 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Tutorial 8.3 Piping Using | Notation 8.4 A Complex Piping Example 8.5 Redirecting Streams with >& 8.6 Using sed to Edit Streams 8.7 Regular Expression Subexpressions 8.8 Inserting and Deleting Lines 9. Processes, Environment Variables 9.1 Introduction 9.2 ps -- List Running Processes 9.3 Controlling Jobs 9.4 Creating Background Processes 9.5 killing a Process, Sending Signals 9.6 List of Common Signals 9.7 Niceness of Processes, Scheduling Priority 9.8 Process CPU/Memory Consumption, top 9.9 Environments of Processes 10. Mail 10.1 Sending and Reading Mail 10.2 The SMTP Protocol -- Sending Mail Raw to Port 25 11. User Accounts and Ownerships 11.1 File Ownerships 11.2 The Password File /etc/passwd 11.3 Shadow Password File: /etc/shadow 11.4 The groups Command and /etc/group 11.5 Manually Creating a User Account 11.6 Automatically: useradd and groupadd 11.7 User Logins 11.7.1 The login command 11.7.2 The set user, su command 11.7.3 The who, w, and users commands to see who is logged in 11.7.4 The id command and effective UID 11.7.5 User limits 12. Using Internet Services 12.1 ssh, not telnet or rlogin 12.2 rcp and scp 12.3 rsh 12.4 FTP 12.5 finger 12.6 Sending Files by Email 12.6.1 uuencode and uudecode 12.6.2 MIME encapsulation 13. LINUX Resources 13.1 FTP Sites and the sunsite Mirror 13.2 HTTP -- Web Sites 13.3 SourceForge 13.4 Mailing Lists 13.4.1 Majordomo and Listserv 13.4.2 *-request 13.5 Newsgroups 13.6 RFCs 14. Permission and Modification Times 14.1 The chmod Command 14.2 The umask Command 14.3 Modification Times: stat 15. Symbolic and Hard Links 15.1 Soft Links 15.2 Hard Links 16. Pre-installed Documentation Kernel documentation: /usr/src/linux/Documentation/ X Window System graphics hardware support: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/ TEX and Meta-Font reference: /usr/share/texmf/doc/ LATEX HTML documentation: /usr/share/texmf/doc/latex/latex2e-html/ HOWTOs: /usr/doc/HOWTO or /usr/share/doc/HOWTO Mini HOWTOs: /usr/doc/HOWTO/mini or /usr/share/doc/HOWTO/mini LINUX documentation project: /usr/doc/LDP or /usr/share/doc/ldp Web documentation: /home/httpd/html or /var/www/html Apache reference: /home/httpd/html/manual or /var/www/html/manual Manual pages: /usr/man/ or /usr/share/man/ info pages: /usr/info/ or /usr/share/info/ Individual package documentation: /usr/doc/* or /usr/share/doc/* 17. Overview of the UNIX Directory Layout 17.1 Packages 17.2 UNIX Directory Superstructure 17.3 LINUX on a Single Floppy Disk 18. UNIX Devices 18.1 Device Files 18.2 Block and Character Devices 18.3 Major and Minor Device Numbers 18.4 Common Device Names 18.5 dd, tar, and Tricks with Block Devices 18.5.1 Creating boot disks from boot images 18.5.2 Erasing disks 18.5.3 Identifying data on raw disks 18.5.4 Duplicating a disk 18.5.5 Backing up to floppies 18.5.6 Tape backups 18.5.7 Hiding program output, creating blocks of zeros 18.6 Creating Devices with mknod and /dev/MAKEDEV 19. Partitions, File Systems, Formatting, Mounting 19.1 The Physical Disk Structure 19.1.1 Cylinders, heads, and sectors 19.1.2 Large Block Addressing 19.1.3 Extended partitions 19.2 Partitioning a New Disk 19.3 Formatting Devices 19.3.1 File systems 19.3.2 mke2fs 19.3.3 Formatting floppies and removable drives 19.3.4 Creating MS-DOS floppies 19.3.5 mkswap, swapon, and swapoff 19.4 Device Mounting 19.4.1 Mounting CD-ROMs 19.4.2 Mounting floppy disks 19.4.3 Mounting Windows and NT partitions 19.5 File System Repair: fsck 19.6 File System Errors on Boot 19.7 Automatic Mounts: fstab 19.8 Manually Mounting /proc 19.9 RAM and Loopback Devices 19.9.1 Formatting a floppy inside a file 19.9.2 CD-ROM files 19.10 Remounting 19.11 Disk sync 20. Advanced Shell Scripting 20.1 Lists of Commands 20.2 Special Parameters: $?, $*,... 20.3 Expansion 20.4 Built-in Commands 20.5 Trapping Signals -- the trap Command 20.6 Internal Settings -- the set Command 20.7 Useful Scripts and Commands 20.7.1 chroot 20.7.2 if conditionals 20.7.3 patching and diffing 20.7.4 Internet connectivity test 20.7.5 Recursive grep (search) 20.7.6 Recursive search and replace 20.7.7 cut and awk -- manipulating text file fields 20.7.8 Calculations with bc 20.7.9 Conversion of graphics formats of many files 20.7.10 Securely erasing files 20.7.11 Persistent background processes 20.7.12 Processing the process list 20.8 Shell Initialization 20.8.1 Customizing the PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH 20.9 File Locking 20.9.1 Locking a mailbox file 20.9.2 Locking over NFS 20.9.3 Directory versus file locking 20.9.4 Locking inside C programs 21. System Services and lpd 21.1 Using lpr 21.2 Downloading and Installing 21.3 LPRng vs. Legacy lpr-0.nn 21.4 Package Elements 21.4.1 Documentation files 21.4.2 Web pages, mailing lists, and download points 21.4.3 User programs 21.4.4 Daemon and administrator programs 21.4.5 Configuration files 21.4.6 Service initialization files 21.4.7 Spool files 21.4.8 Log files 21.4.9 Log file rotation 21.4.10 Environment variables 21.5 The printcap File in Detail 21.6 PostScript and the Print Filter 21.7 Access Control 21.8 Printing Troubleshooting 21.9 Useful Programs 21.9.1 printtool 21.9.2 apsfilter 21.9.3 mpage 21.9.4 psutils 21.10 Printing to Things Besides Printers 22. Trivial Introduction to C 22.1 C Fundamentals 22.1.1 The simplest C program 22.1.2 Variables and types 22.1.3 Functions 22.1.4 for, while, if, and switch statements 22.1.5 Strings, arrays, and memory allocation 22.1.6 String operations 22.1.7 File operations 22.1.8 Reading command-line arguments inside C programs 22.1.9 A more complicated example 22.1.10 #include statements and prototypes 22.1.11 C comments 22.1.12 #define and #if -- C macros 22.2 Debugging with gdb and strace 22.2.1 gdb 22.2.2 Examining core files 22.2.3 strace 22.3 C Libraries 22.4 C Projects -- Makefiles 22.4.1 Completing our example Makefile 22.4.2 Putting it all together 23. Shared Libraries 23.1 Creating DLL .so Files 23.2 DLL Versioning 23.3 Installing DLL .so Files 24. Source and Binary Packages 24.1 Building GNU Source Packages 24.2 RedHat and Debian Binary Packages 24.2.1 Package versioning 24.2.2 Installing, upgrading, and deleting 24.2.3 Dependencies 24.2.4 Package queries 24.2.5 File lists and file queries 24.2.6 Package verification 24.2.7 Special queries 24.2.8 dpkg/ apt versus rpm 24.3 Source Packages 25. Introduction to IP 25.1 Internet Communication 25.2 Special IP Addresses 25.3 Network Masks and Addresses 25.4 Computers on a LAN 25.5 Configuring Interfaces 25.6 Configuring Routing 25.7 Configuring Startup Scripts 25.7.1 RedHat networking scripts 25.7.2 Debian networking scripts 25.8 Complex Routing -- a Many-Hop Example 25.9 Interface Aliasing -- Many IPs on One Physical Card 25.10 Diagnostic Utilities 25.10.1 ping 25.10.2 traceroute 25.10.3 tcpdump 26. TCP and UDP 26.1 The TCP Header 26.2 A Sample TCP Session 26.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 26.4 /etc/services File 26.5 Encrypting and Forwarding TCP 27. DNS and Name Resolution 27.1 Top-Level Domains (TLDs) 27.2 Resolving DNS Names to IP Addresses 27.2.1 The Internet DNS infrastructure 27.2.2 The name resolution process 27.3 Configuring Your Local Machine 27.4 Reverse Lookups 27.5 Authoritative for a Domain 27.6 The host, ping, and whois Command 27.7 The nslookup Command 27.7.1 NS, MX, PTR, A and CNAME records 27.8 The dig Command 28. Network File System, NFS 28.1 Software 28.2 Configuration Example 28.3 Access Permissions 28.4 Security 28.5 Kernel NFS 29. Services Running Under inetd 29.1 The inetd Package 29.2 Invoking Services with /etc/inetd.conf 29.2.1 Invoking a standalone service 29.2.2 Invoking an inetd service 29.2.3 Invoking an inetd ``TCP wrapper'' service 29.2.4 Distribution conventions 29.3 Various Service Explanations 29.4 The xinetd Alternative 29.5 Configuration Files 29.5.1 Limiting access 29.6 Security 30. exim and sendmail 30.1 Introduction 30.1.1 How mail works 30.1.2 Configuring a POP/IMAP server 30.1.3 Why exim? 30.2 exim Package Contents 30.3 exim Configuration File 30.3.1 Global settings 30.3.2 Transports 30.3.3 Directors 30.3.4 Routers 30.4 Full-blown Mail server 30.5 Shell Commands for exim Administration 30.6 The Queue 30.7 /etc/aliases for Equivalent Addresses 30.8 Real-Time Blocking List -- Combating Spam 30.8.1 What is spam? 30.8.2 Basic spam prevention 30.8.3 Real-time blocking list 30.8.4 Mail administrator and user responsibilities 30.9 Sendmail 31. lilo, initrd, and Booting 31.1 Usage 31.2 Theory 31.2.1 Kernel boot sequence 31.2.2 Master boot record 31.2.3 Booting partitions 31.2.4 Limitations 31.3 lilo.conf and the lilo Command 31.4 Creating Boot Floppy Disks 31.5 SCSI Installation Complications and initrd 31.6 Creating an initrd Image 31.7 Modifying lilo.conf for initrd 31.8 Using mkinitrd 32. init, ? getty, and UNIX Run Levels 32.1 init -- the First Process 32.2 /etc/inittab 32.2.1 Minimal configuration 32.2.2 Rereading inittab 32.2.3 The respawning too fast error 32.3 Useful Run Levels 32.4 getty Invocation 32.5 Bootup Summary 32.6 Incoming Faxes and Modem Logins 32.6.1 mgetty with character terminals 32.6.2 mgetty log files 32.6.3 mgetty with modems 32.6.4 mgetty receiving faxes 33. Sending Faxes 33.1 Fax Through Printing 33.2 Setgid Wrapper Binary 34. uucp and uux 34.1 Command-Line Operation 34.2 Configuration uucico 34.3 Modem Dial 34.4 tty/UUCP Lock Files 34.5 Debugging uucp 34.6 Using uux with exim 34.7 Scheduling Dialouts 35. The LINUX File System Standard 35.1 Introduction 35.1.1 Purpose 35.1.2 Conventions 35.2 The Filesystem 35.3 The Root Filesystem 35.3.1 Purpose 35.3.2 Requirements 35.3.3 Specific Options 35.3.4 /bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users) 35.3.4.1 Purpose 35.3.4.2 Requirements 35.3.4.3 Specific Options 35.3.5 /boot : Static files of the boot loader 35.3.5.1 Purpose 35.3.5.2 Specific Options 35.3.6 /dev : Device files 35.3.6.1 Purpose 35.3.6.2 Specific Options 35.3.7 /etc : Host-specific system configuration 35.3.7.1 Purpose 35.3.7.2 Requirements 35.3.7.3 Specific Options 35.3.7.4 /etc/opt : Configuration files for /opt 35.3.7.5 /etc/X11 : Configuration for the X Window System (optional) 35.3.7.6 /etc/sgml : Configuration files for SGML and XML (optional) 35.3.8 /home : User home directories (optional) 35.3.8.1 Purpose 35.3.9 /lib : Essential shared libraries and kernel modules 35.3.9.1 Purpose 35.3.9.2 Requirements 35.3.9.3 Specific Options 35.3.10 /lib<qual> : Alternate format essential shared libraries (optional) 35.3.10.1 Purpose 35.3.10.2 Requirements 35.3.11 /mnt : Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem 35.3.11.1 Purpose 35.3.12 /opt : Add-on application software packages 35.3.12.1 Purpose 35.3.12.2 Requirements 35.3.13 /root : Home directory for the root user (optional) 35.3.13.1 Purpose 35.3.14 /sbin : System binaries 35.3.14.1 Purpose 35.3.14.2 Requirements 35.3.14.3 Specific Options 35.3.15 /tmp : Temporary files 35.3.15.1 Purpose 35.4 The /usr Hierarchy 35.4.1 Purpose 35.4.2 Requirements 35.4.3 Specific Options 35.4.4 /usr/X11R6 : X Window System, Version 11 Release 6 (optional) 35.4.4.1 Purpose 35.4.4.2 Specific Options 35.4.5 /usr/bin : Most user commands 35.4.5.1 Purpose 35.4.5.2 Specific Options 35.4.6 /usr/include : Directory for standard include files. 35.4.6.1 Purpose 35.4.6.2 Specific Options 35.4.7 /usr/lib : Libraries for programming and packages 35.4.7.1 Purpose 35.4.7.2 Specific Options 35.4.8 /usr/lib<qual> : Alternate format libraries (optional) 35.4.8.1 Purpose 35.4.9 /usr/local : Local hierarchy 35.4.9.1 Purpose 35.4.9.2 Requirements 35.4.9.3 Specific Options 35.4.10 /usr/sbin : Non-essential standard system binaries 35.4.10.1 Purpose 35.4.11 /usr/share : Architecture-independent data 35.4.11.1 Purpose 35.4.11.2 Requirements 35.4.11.3 Specific Options 35.4.11.4 /usr/share/dict : Word lists (optional) 35.4.11.5 /usr/share/man : Manual pages 35.4.11.6 /usr/share/misc : Miscellaneous architecture-independent data 35.4.11.7 /usr/share/sgml : SGML and XML data (optional) 35.4.12 /usr/src : Source code (optional) 35.4.12.1 Purpose 35.5 The /var Hierarchy 35.5.1 Purpose 35.5.2 Requirements 35.5.3 Specific Options 35.5.4 /var/account : Process accounting logs (optional) 35.5.4.1 Purpose 35.5.5 /var/cache : Application cache data 35.5.5.1 Purpose 35.5.5.2 Specific Options 35.5.5.3 /var/cache/fonts : Locally-generated fonts (optional) 35.5.5.4 /var/cache/man : Locally-formatted manual pages (optional) 35.5.6 /var/crash : System crash dumps (optional) 35.5.6.1 Purpose 35.5.7 /var/games : Variable game data (optional) 35.5.7.1 Purpose 35.5.8 /var/lib : Variable state information 35.5.8.1 Purpose 35.5.8.2 Requirements 35.5.8.3 Specific Options 35.5.8.4 /var/lib/<editor> : Editor backup files and state (optional) 35.5.8.5 /var/lib/hwclock : State directory for hwclock (optional) 35.5.8.6 /var/lib/misc : Miscellaneous variable data 35.5.9 /var/lock : Lock files 35.5.9.1 Purpose 35.5.10 /var/log : Log files and directories 35.5.10.1 Purpose 35.5.10.2 Specific Options 35.5.11 /var/mail : User mailbox files (optional) 35.5.11.1 Purpose 35.5.12 /var/opt : Variable data for /opt 35.5.12.1 Purpose 35.5.13 /var/run : Run-time variable data 35.5.13.1 Purpose 35.5.13.2 Requirements 35.5.14 /var/spool : Application spool data 35.5.14.1 Purpose 35.5.14.2 Specific Options 35.5.14.3 /var/spool/lpd : Line-printer daemon print queues (optional) 35.5.14.4 /var/spool/rwho : Rwhod files (optional) 35.5.15 /var/tmp : Temporary files preserved between system reboots 35.5.15.1 Purpose 35.5.16 /var/yp : Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional) 35.5.16.1 Purpose 35.6 Operating System Specific Annex 35.6.1 Linux 35.6.1.1 / : Root directory 35.6.1.2 /bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users) 35.6.1.3 /dev : Devices and special files 35.6.1.4 /etc : Host-specific system configuration 35.6.1.5 /proc : Kernel and process information virtual filesystem 35.6.1.6 /sbin : Essential system binaries Optional files for /sbin: 35.6.1.7 /usr/include : Header files included by C programs 35.6.1.8 /usr/src : Source code 35.6.1.9 /var/spool/cron : cron and at jobs 35.7 Appendix 35.7.1 The FHS mailing list 35.7.2 Background of the FHS 35.7.3 General Guidelines 35.7.4 Scope 35.7.5 Acknowledgments 35.7.6 Contributors 36. httpd -- Apache Web Server 36.1 Web Server Basics 36.2 Installing and Configuring Apache 36.2.1 Sample httpd.conf 36.2.2 Common directives 36.2.3 User HTML directories 36.2.4 Aliasing 36.2.5 Fancy indexes 36.2.6 Encoding and language negotiation 36.2.7 Server-side includes -- SSI 36.2.8 CGI -- Common Gateway Interface 36.2.9 Forms and CGI 36.2.10 Setuid CGIs 36.2.11 Apache modules and PHP 36.2.12 Virtual hosts 37. crond and atd 37.1 /etc/crontab Configuration File 37.2 The at Command 37.3 Other cron Packages 38. postgres SQL Server 38.1 Structured Query Language 38.2 postgres 38.3 postgres Package Content 38.4 Installing and Initializing postgres 38.5 Database Queries with psql 38.6 Introduction to SQL 38.6.1 Creating tables 38.6.2 Listing a table 38.6.3 Adding a column 38.6.4 Deleting (dropping) a column 38.6.5 Deleting (dropping) a table 38.6.6 Inserting rows, ``object relational'' 38.6.7 Locating rows 38.6.8 Listing selected columns, and the oid column 38.6.9 Creating tables from other tables 38.6.10 Deleting rows 38.6.11 Searches 38.6.12 Migrating from another database; dumping and restoring tables as plain text 38.6.13 Dumping an entire database 38.6.14 More advanced searches 38.7 Real Database Projects 39. smbd -- Samba NT Server 39.1 Samba: An Introduction by Christopher R. Hertel History -- the (hopefully) Untedious Version Meanwhile, on the Other Side of the Planet... What Samba Does Other Stuff SMB Filesystems for Linux Setup and Management The Present The Future 39.2 Configuring Samba 39.3 Configuring Windows 39.4 Configuring a Windows Printer 39.5 Configuring swat 39.6 Windows NT Caveats 40. named -- Domain Name Server 40.1 Documentation 40.2 Configuring bind 40.2.1 Example configuration Local client configuration: /etc/resolv.conf Top-level config file: /etc/named.conf Root name server list: /var/named/named.ca Local forward lookups: /var/named/named.localdomain Local reverse lookups: /var/named/named.127.0.0.1 Authoritative domain file: /var/named/named.cranzgot.co.za LAN reverse lookups: /var/named/named.192.168.2 Authoritative reverse lookups (1): /var/named/named.196.28.144 Authoritative reverse lookups (2): /var/named/named.160.123.181.44 40.2.2 Starting the name server 40.2.3 Configuration in detail 40.2.3.1 Top-level named.conf 40.2.3.2 Domain SOA records 40.2.3.3 Dotted and non-dotted host names 40.2.3.4 Empty host names 40.2.3.5 NS, MX, PTR, A, and CNAME records 40.2.3.6 Reverse lookups configuration 40.3 Round-Robin Load-Sharing 40.4 Configuring named for Dialup Use 40.4.1 Example caching name server 40.4.2 Dynamic IP addresses 40.5 Secondary or Slave DNS Servers 41. Point-to-Point Protocol -- Dialup Networking 41.1 Basic Dialup 41.1.1 Determining your chat script 41.1.2 CHAP and PAP 41.1.3 Running pppd 41.2 Demand-Dial, Masquerading 41.3 Dialup DNS 41.4 Dial-in Servers 41.5 Using tcpdump 41.6 ISDN Instead of Modems 42. The LINUX Kernel Source, Modules, and Hardware Support 42.1 Kernel Constitution 42.2 Kernel Version Numbers 42.3 Modules, insmod Command, and Siblings 42.4 Interrupts, I/O Ports, and DMA Channels 42.5 Module Options and Device Configuration 42.5.1 Five ways to pass options to a module 42.5.2 Module documentation sources 42.6 Configuring Various Devices 42.6.1 Sound and pnpdump 42.6.2 Parallel port 42.6.3 NIC -- Ethernet, PCI, and old ISA 42.6.4 PCI vendor ID and device ID 42.6.5 PCI and sound 42.6.6 Commercial sound drivers 42.6.7 The ALSA sound project 42.6.8 Multiple Ethernet cards 42.6.9 SCSI disks 42.6.10 SCSI termination and cooling 42.6.11 CD writers 42.6.12 Serial devices 42.7 Modem Cards 42.8 More on LILO: Options 42.9 Building the Kernel 42.9.1 Unpacking and patching 42.9.2 Configuring 42.10 Using Packaged Kernel Source 42.11 Building, Installing 43. The X Window System 43.1 The X Protocol 43.2 Widget Libraries and Desktops 43.2.1 Background 43.2.2 Qt 43.2.3 Gtk 43.2.4 GNUStep 43.3 XFree86 43.3.1 Running X and key conventions 43.3.2 Running X utilities 43.3.3 Running two X sessions 43.3.4 Running a window manager 43.3.5 X access control and remote display 43.3.6 X selections, cutting, and pasting 43.4 The X Distribution 43.5 X Documentation 43.5.1 Programming 43.5.2 Configuration documentation 43.5.3 XFree86 web site 43.6 X Configuration 43.6.1 Simple 16-color X server 43.6.2 Plug-and-Play operation 43.6.3 Proper X configuration 43.7 Visuals 43.8 The startx and xinit Commands 43.9 Login Screen 43.10 X Font Naming Conventions 43.11 Font Configuration 43.12 The Font Server 44. UNIX Security 44.1 Common Attacks 44.1.1 Buffer overflow attacks 44.1.2 Setuid programs 44.1.3 Network client programs 44.1.4 /tmp file vulnerability 44.1.5 Permission problems 44.1.6 Environment variables 44.1.7 Password sniffing 44.1.8 Password cracking 44.1.9 Denial of service attacks 44.2 Other Types of Attack 44.3 Counter Measures 44.3.1 Removing known risks: outdated packages 44.3.2 Removing known risks: compromised packages 44.3.3 Removing known risks: permissions 44.3.4 Password management 44.3.5 Disabling inherently insecure services 44.3.6 Removing potential risks: network 44.3.7 Removing potential risks: setuid programs 44.3.8 Making life difficult 44.3.9 Custom security paradigms 44.3.10 Proactive cunning 44.4 Important Reading 44.5 Security Quick-Quiz 44.6 Security Auditing A. Lecture Schedule A.1 Hardware Requirements A.2 Student Selection A.3 Lecture Style Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11 Lesson 12 B. LPI Certification Cross-Reference B.1 Exam Details for 101 General LINUX, part I Topic 1.3: GNU and UNIX Commands Topic 2.4: Devices, LINUX File Systems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Topic 2.6: Boot, Initialization, Shutdown, Run Levels Topic 1.8: Documentation Topic 2.11: Administrative Tasks B.2 Exam Details for 102 General LINUX, part II Topic 1.1: Hardware and Architecture Topic 2.2: LINUX Installation and Package Management Topic 1.5: Kernel Topic 1.7: Text Editing, Processing, Printing Topic 1.9: Shells, Scripting, Programming, Compiling Topic 2.10: X Topic 1.12: Networking Fundamentals Topic 1.13: Networking Services Topic 1.14: Security C. RHCE Certification Cross-Reference C.1 RH020, RH030, RH033, RH120, RH130, and RH133 C.2 RH300 Unit 1: Hardware selection and RedHat installation Unit 2: Configuring and administration Unit 3: Alternative installation methods Unit 4: Kernel Unit 5: Basic network services Unit 6: X Window System Unit 7: Security Unit 8: Firewalling, routing and clustering, troubleshooting C.3 RH220 (RH253 Part 1) Unit 1: DNS Unit 2: Samba Unit 3: NIS Unit 4: Sendmail and procmail Unit 5: Apache Unit 6: pppd and DHCP C.4 RH250 (RH253 Part 2) Unit 1: Introduction Unit 2: Local user security Unit 3: Files and file system security Unit 4: Password security and encryption Unit 5: Process security and monitoring Unit 6: Building firewalls Unit 7: Security tools D. LINUX Advocacy FAQ D.1 LINUX Overview What is LINUX? What are UNIX systems used for? What can LINUX do? What other platforms does LINUX run on including the PC? What is meant by GNU/LINUX as opposed to LINUX? What web pages should I look at? What are Debian, RedHat, Caldera, SuSE? Explain the different LINUX distributions. Who developed LINUX? Why should I not use LINUX? D.2 LINUX, GNU, and Licensing What is LINUX's license? What is GNU? Why is GNU software better than proprietary software? Explain the restrictions of LINUX's ``free''GNU General Public License. If LINUX is free, where do companies have the right to make money from selling CDs? What if Linus Torvalds decided to change the copyright on the kernel? Could he sell out to a company? What if Linus Torvalds stopped supporting LINUX? What if kernel development split? What is Open Source vs. Free vs. Shareware? D.3 LINUX Distributions If everyone is constantly modifying the source, isn't this bad for the consumer? How is the user protected from bogus software? There are so many different LINUX versions -- is this not confusion and incompatibility? Will a program from one LINUX Distribution run on another? How compatible are the different distributions? What is the best distribution to use? Where do I get LINUX? How do I install LINUX? D.4 LINUX Support Where does a person get LINUX support? My purchased software is supported; how does LINUX compete? D.5 LINUX Compared to Other Systems What is the most popular UNIX in the world? How many LINUX systems are there out there? What is the total cost of installing and running LINUX compared to a proprietary non-UNIX system? What is the total cost of installing and running a LINUX system compared to a proprietary UNIX system? How does LINUX compare to other operating systems in performance? What about SMP and a journalling file system? Is LINUX enterprise-ready? Does LINUX only support 2 Gigs of memory and 128 Meg of swap? Isn't UNIX antiquated? Isn't its security model outdated? How does FreeBSD compare to LINUX? D.6 Migrating to LINUX What are the principal issues when migrating to LINUX from a non-UNIX system? What are the principal issues when migrating to LINUX from another UNIX system? How should a supervisor proceed after making the decision to migrate to LINUX? D.7 Technical Are LINUX CDs readable from Windows? Can I run LINUX and Windows on the same machine? How much space do I need to install LINUX? What are the hardware requirements? What hardware is supported? Will my sound/graphics/network card work? Can I view my Windows, OS/2, and MS-DOS files under LINUX? Can I run DOS programs under LINUX? Can I recompile Windows programs under LINUX? Can I run Windows programs under LINUX? I have heard that LINUX does not suffer from virus attacks. Is it true that there is no threat of viruses with UNIX systems? Is LINUX as secure as other servers? E. The GNU General Public License Version 2 About this document ...

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